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Input and output can be given in descriptive text, which needs to include the source file or source machine of the input and output. Considering the fact that many computers have some standard input, such as batch data or keyboard/terminal, and some standard output, such as a screen or printer, the abbreviations STDIN and STDOUT can be used as standard files. All other files need to be named by means of an OPEN, after which they need to be closed again.